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A catch-22 is a paradoxical situation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules.〔"(Catch 22 )", ''Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary'', accessed 16 August 2013.〕 An example includes: * ''To apply for a job, you need to have a few years of experience; but in order to gain experience you need to get a job.'' Catch-22s often result from rules, regulations, or procedures that an individual is subject to but has no control over because to fight the rule is to accept it. Another example is a situation in which someone is in need of something that can only be had by not being in need of it. One connotation of the term is that the creators of the "catch-22" have created arbitrary rules in order to justify and conceal their own abuse of power. == Origin and meaning == Joseph Heller coined the term in his 1961 novel ''Catch-22'', which describes absurd bureaucratic constraints on soldiers in World War II. The term is introduced by the character Doc Daneeka, an army psychiatrist who invokes "Catch 22" to explain why any pilot requesting mental evaluation for insanity—hoping to be found not sane enough to fly and thereby escape dangerous missions—demonstrates his own sanity in making the request and thus cannot be declared insane. This phrase also means a dilemma or difficult circumstance from which there is no escape because of mutually conflicting or dependent conditions.〔Scriptures for a Generation: What We Were Reading in the '60s - Page 162 Philip D. Beidler - 1995 "It is Catch-22: Doc Daneeka explains how anybody who is crazy has a right to ask to be removed from combat status but how anybody who asks is"〕 Different formulations of "Catch-22" appear throughout the novel. The term is applied to various loopholes and quirks of the military system, always with the implication that rules are inaccessible to and slanted against those lower in the hierarchy. In chapter 6, Yossarian is told that Catch-22 requires him to do anything his commanding officer tells him to do, regardless of whether these orders contradict orders from the officer's superiors.〔Margot A. Henriksen, ''Dr. Strangelove's America: Society and Culture in the Atomic Age''; University of California Press, 1997; ISBN 0-520-08310-5; p. (250 ).〕 In a final episode, Catch-22 is described to Yossarian by an old woman recounting an act of violence by soldiers:〔"(Joseph Heller )", ''Gale Encyclopedia of Biography'', accessed via Answers.com, 16 August 2013.〕〔 According to literature professor Ian Gregson, the old woman's narrative defines "Catch-22" more directly as the "brutal operation of power", stripping away the "bogus sophistication" of the earlier scenarios.〔Ian Gregson, ''Character and Satire in Post War Fiction''; London: Continuum, 2006; ISBN 9781441130006; p. (38 ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Catch-22 (logic)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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